A 5 segundos truque para o manual para a vida
Toussaint Louverture, himself a former slave who challenged an emperor by leading the Haitian revolution, read and was deeply influenced by the works of Epictetus.
†The starting point for Epictetus was the famous dichotomy of control, as expressed at the very beginning of the Enchiridion
Emotions like anxiety and fear have their roots in uncertainty and rarely in experience. Anyone who has made a big bet on themselves knows how much energy both states can consume.
However, Stoic ethics actually attempts to strike a balance between the asceticism of the Cynics and the somewhat elitist views of the Peripatetics. It does so through the introduction of the wholly (controversial) Stoic concept of preferred and dispreferred “indifferents†briefly mentioned at the beginning.
The Stoics had an exercise called Turning the Obstacle Upside Down. What they meant to do was make it impossible to not practice the art of philosophy. Because if you can properly turn a problem upside down, every “bad†becomes a new source of good.
To have an idea of how this played out for Stoicism, let us briefly consider a few examples, related to the interactions between Stoicism and Epicureanism, Aristotelianism, and Platonism—without forgetting the direct influence that Cynicism had on the very birth of Stoicism and all the way to Epictetus.
A famous metaphor here, used by Epictetus, is that of a dog leashed to a cart: the dog can either fight the cart’s movement at every inch, thus hurting himself and ending up miserable; or he can decide to gingerly go along with the ride and enjoy the panorama. This is a version of what Nietzsche eventually called amor fati
According to this account, then, Stoic epistemology is externalist (for example, Almeder 1995), rather than internalist (for example, Goldman 1980). Indeed, there is evidence that they became—again as a result of criticism from the Skeptics—reliabilists about knowledge (Goldman 1994). Athenaeus tells of the story of Sphaerus, a student of Cleanthes and colleague of Chrysippus, who was shown at a banquet what turned out to be birds made of wax. After he reached to pick one up he was accused of having given assent to a false impression. To which he—rather cleverly, but indicatively—replied that he had merely assented to the proposition that it was reasonable
Pues del mismo modo en de que el material del carpintero es la madera, y el del escultor, bronce, el objeto del Jeito de vivir es la propia vida do cada cual.
Christianity was far more sympathetic to Stoicism than to its main rival, Epicureanism (and it also absorbed elements of Platonism in its “neo†form). The Epicurean emphasis on pleasure, as well as their metaphysics of cosmic chaos, where prima facie
This is why we find an interestingly mixed record of Christian attitudes toward Stoicism. Augustine initially wrote favorably about it, while later on he was more mais dados sobre isso critical. Tertullian was positively inclined toward Stoicism, and versions of the Enchiridion
Montaigne was fond of an ancient drinking game where the members took turns holding up a painting of a corpse inside a coffin and cheered “Drink and be merry for when you’re dead you will look like this.â€
Los escépticos, muy influyentes a partir del siglo II a. C. trataban de independizar al hombre del mundo mediante la abstención por juicio. Dudaban do la posibilidad por conocimiento sensible, mediante el pensamiento discursivo y do los fins do combinar ambos. El relativismo por Protágoras es la base do la duda escé especialmenteptica respecto a los sentidos. No pueden ser una reproducción inmediata por las cosas si la percepción varÃa do individuo en individuo y entre distintas situaciones del mismo individuo este del objeto. Estas contingencias no se pueden evitar, asà qual no hay posibilidad por conocimiento sensible.
“In life our first job is this, to divide and distinguish things into two categories: externals I cannot control, but the choices I make with regard to them I do control. Where will I find good and bad? In me, in my choices.â€
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